Which of the following can contribute to Naalehu disease?

Naalehu disease, specifically affecting livestock in Hawaii, is primarily associated with plant poisoning. Certain plants, particularly those that are toxic to livestock, can lead to severe health issues, including neurological symptoms and even mortality. The consumption of these poisonous plants often occurs when animals are allowed to graze in areas where such vegetation is abundant.

In the context of farming and veterinary medicine in Hawaii, understanding the local flora and the potential toxins it may contain is essential for promoting animal health. The presence of these toxic plants is a direct factor in the onset of Naalehu disease, as it highlights the dangers posed by grazing management practices that do not sufficiently account for harmful vegetation.

While the other listed factors, such as overgrazing, inadequate water supply, and excessive heat exposure, can certainly impact livestock health, they are not directly linked to the specific disease known as Naalehu disease. Overgrazing can lead to poor pasture quality, depletion of essential nutrients, and other health issues, whereas inadequate water supply affects hydration and overall well-being. Excessive heat exposure can lead to heat stress, but none of these factors encompasses the direct toxicological impacts that result from consuming poisonous plants, which is the hallmark of Naalehu disease.